Codes+and+Rules+for+Final+Paper+(outline)

1. Introduction

While the history of simple, pulley-based elevators goes back approximately 2,400 years, modern, steam or motor-driven elevators with safety devices date back to American inventor Elisha Otis in 1853. Today, Otis, just one of many elevator companies throughout the world, services 1.7 millions elevators with 61,000 employees and has revenues of more than $11 billion worldwide. The elevator has made the 2-story flat accessible for the wheel-chair bound and mountainous sky-scrapers feasible for all. It can offer a scenic and relaxing ride such as the 3-story elevator to the Whiskey Blue lounge at the W Hotel in Atlanta, GA, replete with a full leather couch. Or it can be a source of terror such as what happened to Nicholas White when he was trapped for 41 hours in a New York City office building’s elevator. (The few hours I spent in elevators for this research hardly seem troubling, now.)

By opening their doors, elevators have opened a vast world above the first floor to millions. Now if only we could get them to close those doors a little more quickly on the way down. At least we have the “Door Close” button to keep us busying while we’re waiting.

4. Some Definitions

· Approaching the Elevator – the activity during the time from which one (or several) are noticed until they become elevator waiters · Button Pushing – included both elevator call buttons (located outside the elevators) and elevator panel button (located inside the elevators) · “Talking” with Eyes/Face – informal body language meant to convey a general idea/feeling such as disgust or excitement · Repushing – the act of pushing a button that has already been pushed and is, usually, already lit.

6. Codes and Social Rules: (contributed by Laura on July 9th) Step 1: Approaching the Elevator Code 1. Button Pushing Definition- An elevator key is pressed by a passenger indicating the desire to either move to a certain floor or to close or hold the elevator doors/To apply pressure on a small disk which will influence the elevator to react in a way indicated by the small disk. Rule: Button pushers tend to be women (or children) Protocols/Evidence: (SD/3/1/16) She faces forwards while pressing the “open” arrow keys. (SD/3/1/24) He motions to the Indian woman, at which point the woman releases the open button and presses 6. (SD/2/4/13) She nods with a smile and presses the lobby button on the keypad and the elevator door closes.

Code 2. Rate of Approach Definition- the rate riders conduct their activities Rule: Either riders are rushing to the elevator or walking at a normal pace. No one was seen strolling, which may suggest that people are being respectful of others’ time. Protocols/Evidence: (JP/2/2/4) Josh rushed up to the elevator doors hoping the woman would hold them (she made no attempt, but he made it anyway) (SD/1/1/13) A older woman enters walking at a normal pace (SD/1/4/123) Man in his mid-40s is rushing for the elevator with a 10 yr/old boy who is not. Step 2: Waiting for Elevator to Arrive Code 1. Positioning During Wait Definition- where riders stand while waiting for the elevator Rule: No one likes to crowd the button as most step back 3-5 steps after either pushing or repushing the up/down buttons. Protocols/Evidence: (LL/2/6/250) Second family stands opposite the first family on the left side of the elevator. (S1/2/1/5) Waiter pushes “Up” button then steps back about 3 ft (S1/2/4/41) Waiter 2, when seeing the button is pushed, steps back between the two elevators Step 3: Entering the Elevator Code 1. Holding Doors General Rule: Most door holding occurs between passengers who are traveling within the same family/group. Sub Code 1: Holding Doors for Passengers With Same Group/Family Definition- passengers holding elevator doors for other passengers who are riding in the same group Rule: Riders generally hold doors for other riders within their same family/group. Protocols/Evidence: (LL/1/1/37) (daughter enters) while the mother holds the door open from the side (S3/1/6/4) Male Rider # 1 started to enter the elevator first, followed by Female Rider # 1. However, as he entered the elevator door he stopped and placed his arm in the elevator’s door opening to hold door open. Female # 1 walked past him to enter the elevator car and headed to center back about 4 feet from the back wall. Once in position Female rider # 1 turned to the left and faced the left wall of elevator with her back to observer’s position. (LL/3/4/136) the man holds the door open until his son makes his way inside Sub Code 2: Holding of Doors for Passengers Not In Same Family/Group Definition- holding the elevator doors for passengers who are not in the same family/group Rule: Male riders are often prone to hold the door open for female riders, even those who are not traveling within their family/group. Rule: Adult riders noticing other riders traveling with children, strollers, etc. sometimes hold the door open for them, allowing them more time to enter without worry of the door closing automatically on them or their cargo. Protocol/Evidence: (LL/1/5/187) As the doors begin to open, he notices a mother with a stroller walking towards the elevator from the parking deck, he stops back to hold the door open for her. (LL/3/2/32) As the second rider walks out, three women begin approaching the elevator. The second man to leave does turn around and hold the door open for the three women. He smiles as they thank him for holding the elevator (doors). (LL/3/3/30) I enter the elevator on level “1” with a man and a woman. The woman enters first. The man holds the door and gestures for me to enter. I oblige. Code 2. Entering Order Definition- the sequence in which a passenger(s) comes onto the elevator in order to ride it Rule: The majority of the time, the passenger enters the elevator in the order they were waiting to board the elevator. When passengers enter, there is no specific entrance based on age across the board. It is noted though that passengers do not enter at the same time but allow for one to enter before the next one does, even when children are involved. Riders are walking towards elevator doors in order to get onto the elevator and remain until they reach their chosen destination floor. Protocols/Evidence: (SD/1/1/12) Rider 1, an Indian woman in her mid-60s wearing Indian attire and carrying a small purse, enters first, walking at a normal pace and looking directly forward at me and smiles as she takes her place on the right side (facing the elevator doors) near the elevator buttons’ keypad. (JP/2/1/74) Rider 1, a middle-aged woman pushing an empty baby stroller, has already entered the elevator on the second floor and is pushing the button for her floor as my wife and I rushed up. (LL/2/4/163) I followed a family of five into the elevator. There were three young children (probably around 1, 3, and 5), a young mother around 25 and a father around 25. The father pushed the children straight in (they were riding in a shopping cart. Step 4: Riding the Elevator Code 1. Direction Facing Sub Code 1: Facing Doors Definition- the passenger is facing the doors for the majority of the r ride Rule: When the elevator does have elevator floor numbers above the doors, passengers seem to look at these often. When there are not elevator floor numbers, passengers tend to stare at the door. An exception to this door-staring rule is if the doors are mirrored. Then, passengers tend to avoid staring at the doors or at least avoid them once “caught” looking at them. The presence of children seems to allow for rule breaking (the children do not follow the rules as they do not look at the doors or away from other passengers for the majority of the ride). Adults often break rules when kids are present as well, by looking at them occasionally instead of keeping their eyes focused on the doors, the floor panel, or otherwise away from other passengers. Protocols/Evidence: (LL/1/6/199) As the mother walks in she pushes the stroller to the back of the elevator and swings it around to face the doors. She looks down at the baby for most of the ride but looks up during our conversations. (S1/1/9/29) Rider 1 looks down at the floor and glances up at the elevator mirrored doors and then quickly moves his head down again. (I think he just realized the doors are mirrored and he was caught looking). (LL/3/6/243) The father quickly turned the stroller around as soon as he entered the room so that it would be facing the exit doors. Sub Code 2: Facing Away From Others (but not facing doors) Definition- the passenger is facing away from other passengers, but not at the doors, for the majority of the ride Rule: When the elevator does have elevator floor numbers above the doors, passengers seem to look at these often. When there are not elevator floor numbers, passengers tend to stare at the door. An exception to this door-staring rule is if the doors are mirrored. Then, passengers tend to avoid staring at the doors or at least avoid them once “caught” looking at them. The presence of children seems to allow for rule breaking (the children do not follow the rules as they do not look at the doors or away from other passengers for the majority of the ride). Adults often break rules when kids are present as well, by looking at them occasionally instead of keeping their eyes focused on the doors, the floor panel, or otherwise away from other passengers. Protocols/Evidence: (S1/1/7/19) Rider one stares at the mail cart, down at the floor, at the floor indicator panel, and at the back of the mail clerk. Her arms are still folded in front of her. She is also still clutching her coat and purse and then looks at the top indicator light. (LL/3/5/187) She pressed the button for “U” to go up, walked to the front of the shopping cart where her children sat, and stood looking at her little girl throughout the ride. … The little girl looked at me for a few seconds and I smiled at her. (S3/1/8/51) The female … focused her gaze at the male rider she appeared to be traveling with. When she would talk to him she looked down at her key and the floor. She would look up at him when would pause in what she was saying and only made eye contact with him once. Sub Code 3: Facing Other Passengers Definition- passenger is facing towards other passenger during most or at least part of the ride Rule: Riders avoid facing other passengers except for those traveling within the same family/group. Even with these passengers within the same group, riders tend to limit time facing each other. Protocols/Evidence: (LL/3/5/187) She pressed the button for “U” to go up, walked to the front of the shopping cart where her children sat, and stood looking at her little girl throughout the ride. … The little girl looked at me for a few seconds and I smiled at her. (S3/1/8/40) The 2nd male entered the car ahead of the female he was traveling with. He positioned himself on the right wall with his right shoulder touching the wall about as third of the way between the front and the back of the elevator, closer to the front wall. …He faced the center of the car for most of the ride, occasionally glancing at the female rider and the observer, but quickly looking away when he was caught glancing. For the majority of the ride, his gaze was directed at the floor about 1 foot in front of where he was standing. (S3/1/8/51) The female … focused her gaze at the male rider she appeared to be traveling with. When she would talk to him she looked down at her key and the floor. She would look up at him when would pause in what she was saying and only made eye contact with him once.

Code 2. Glancing At Others Sub Code 1: Glancing At Other Passengers Not In Same Group Definition- eye-contact made with others (including smiles) who are not in same family/group (eye contact is not intended to “talk to others”) Rule: Eye contact made between riders not traveling within the same family/group is often made through glances or quick smiles. Often times these glances are out of curiosity about the other rider(s). Protocols/Evidence: (LL/1/4/138) The man smiles a quick smile while holding the door for his son to enter the elevator (S1/1/3/20) Rider 1 glances at me to see what I am doing. (I catch her looking and stop writing in my notebook. I feel like I got caught doing something I should have not been doing). (JP/2/1/?) Just then, the doors are beginning to open and the woman, who had been observing my wife, commented, What does it matter if you’re clipping it back up?” Both my wife and I gave the woman, who had already begun exiting, an odd look. (I wonder why she felt comfortable making that comment, but admit it would seem odd to be concerned about curls in hair that is clipped up.) Sub Code 2: Glancing at other passengers who are in same family/group Definition- eye-contact made with others (including smiles) who are in the same family/group (eye contact is not intended to “talk” to others) Rule: Riders glance at others traveling within the same family/group while talking but not always throughout the entire conversation; they are often partially distracted by other things (cell phones, floor indicator lights, etc.) Protocols/Evidence: LL/1/2/56) The mother looks at her daughter during this short conversation. She looks straight ahead at the doors during other times (JP/2/1/?) While R3 and R4 were discussing the app, still never taking their gaze away from their phones, R1 took his phone out and started looking at it. He was glancing back and forth between his phone and the other people. (Was he looking up the apps the other two were discussing?) (LL/1/8/14) The five ladies face each other and the young man continues to glance at the top indicator light …..One of the ladies is sipping a cup of coffee. She looks at her cup of coffee and then glances up at the other two acquaintances. Sub Code 3: Glancing at Other Passengers Who Are In the Same Family/Group (“talking with eyes/facial expressions”) Definition- eye-contact made with others (including smiles) who are in the same family/group (eye contact IS intended to “talk” to others) Rule: Passengers traveling within the same family/group often “talk” with their eyes/facial expressions to show feelings and intentions. Protocol/Evidence: (LL/1/4/155) The man looks back at his son as if to say, “hurry up!” as he leaves the elevator (LL/1/11/14) The 4 year old walks over and pushes the already lit “up” button and turns around to his mother to see if she saw him do it. (Children are rule violators. Does he already know the rule and is he testing his mother?). The mother motions for him to stand by her side. (Is she correcting his behavior to abide by the elevator rules?) (S3/1/9/26) He looked at her, shook his head and then exited with her immediately behind him. As he exited he turned to look at the observer who was moving toward the control panel. He shook his head again and walked off. I pushed the 15th floor button [I did it again….Why 15 and why not 1? I was the only one on the elevator and could have easily pressed one and no one would have known. I think I was anxious and wanted to appear to be a “real” elevator rider and not a pretend one.]

Sub Code 4: glancing at other passengers not in same family/group (“talking” with eyes/facial expressions) Definition- eye-contact made with others (including smiles) who are not in same family/group (eye contact IS intended to “talk to others”) Rule: “Talking” with facial expressions/eyes occurs between riders not traveling together in the same family/group to ask questions such as “what floor?”, “are you coming/getting off?”, and/or to show evaluation of a rider’s actions in the form of pleasure or displeasure. Protocols/Evidence: (LL/1/3/113) The father glances at me (as if to be asking if I would be getting off). He nods when I tell him that I will be going back up. (S1/1/6/36) She glances at the cart and then at the ceiling like she is annoyed. She crosses her arms in front of her. Rider 2 shifts back to make room for the mail clerk…. Rider 1 looks at Rider 2 almost in surprise and disgust that she gave the mail clerk permission to enter. Rider 2 is not aware that Rider 1 gave her a look. Rider 1 then looks at me quickly. I catch her looking. She doesn’t look happy. She is probably not happy because I pushed the “open door” button and gave him permission to enter. (So did the mail clerk break a rule? Are carts not allowed if more than one or two individuals are on an existing elevator? Or is there a rile that he cannot enter unless another rider gives him permission.? Rider 2 and the mail clerk were acquaintances. So does that make giving permission, ok? This was a strange instance and an interesting one to observe.) (S3/1/10/41) The observer entered the elevator following rider # 2. The 1st female rider [rider 1] looked at the observer and raised her eyebrows as if to ask what floor? The observer said, “15 please.”

Sub Code 5: Avoiding Eye Contact Definition- the act of avoiding eye contact with other passengers Rule: More so than not, riders not traveling within the same family/group avoid eye contact with other riders. Protocols/Evidence: (LL/2/7/32) Other than the comment about needing a map, the other family didn’t say anything or look at each other throughout the ride. I was looking around at everything but made no eye contact with anyone other than the little girl/baby who just stared at me for a second. No one made eye contact as we exited the elevator and walked into the main lobby of the main floor of the store. (Sd/1/1/?) The Indian man looks at the ground as he enters the elevator. (S3/1/8/45) He faced the center of the car for most of the ride occasionally glancing at the female rider and the observer, but quickly looking away when he was caught glancing. For the majority of the ride his gaze was directed at the floor about 1 foot in front of where he was standing

Code 3. Standing Position Definition- where riders stand upon first entering the elevator Rule: Once in the elevator, riders maximize the distance between themselves and strangers. Groups of familiars tend to act as a unit, however. Additionally, the back corners are the most popular suggesting that people prefer to not only maximize distance between strangers, but limit the possibility of others violating their own space. Protocols/Evidence: (JP/2/3/11) The couple stands in the back corner of the elevator as though one unit (JP/2/5/18) Young child slowly enters and stand by mother (SD/1/1/21) A man (her husband) enters and positions himself in the back left. [It’s odd that the couple doesn’t stand near one another.] (SD/1/3/21) A family of four enters and positions themselves, as a cluster (parents in back), in the front right/center Code 4. Repositioning Definition- where riders move based beyond initial positioning Rule: There seem to be two primary reason people reposition themselves, elevator arrives and someone exits allowing more space. When the elevator arrives, both waiters and riders begin to slightly reposition accordingly. If they’re waiters, they inch closer to the doors (this is odd since they usually need to back up again if others are trying to get off) and if they’re riders, they usually either make room for exiters (if they know they’re not one) or indicate through movement that they are one and position accordingly.

Repositioning also happens after an exiter has left and the space within the elevator needs to be reallocated. The logic for this repositioning seems to follow the same as the original, namely maximizing personal space and minimizing the possibility of physical contact. Protocols/Evidence: (LL/2/6/234) Family of four inches closer to the elevator, while waiting, as the doors begin to open. (S1/2/5/48) After a large cart exits, riders reposition themselves to maximize distance. (S3/2/4/42) Two riders stepped aside to let other riders off Code 5. Talking Definition- verbal communication within the elevator Rule 1: Minimize verbal communication within the confines of the elevator, itself. If you must talk, speak tersely and quietly. It is not uncommon for both strangers and acquaintances to speak in short, choppy non-grammatical utterances. For example, “Floor?” “Six,” “Thank you.” Protocols/Evidence: (JP/2/3/25) The two male friends are buried in their cellphones discussing iPhone apps. (SD/1/1/29) The female asks the stranger “What floor?” She replies “None, Thank you.” [That must have sounded odd.] (SD/1/2/6) Doors open at next floor and a middle-aged AA woman with two young children says, “Never mind.” The button pusher replies, “Are you sure.” She is and says, “Yes” Doors close. (JP/2/4/32) A father replies to his infant son’s babbling with “Hmmmm?” (then seems to remember he can’t understand him and just pets his head.) Rule 2: Manners matter. The usage of verbal courtesies like, “please” and “thank you” seems to be higher in elevators than outside of them. I wonder if this is related to the confined space and extra-attention paid to keeping the situation hospitable? Protocols/Evidence: (JP/2/1/28) I said (almost without thought) "Thank you" [I think it was out of habit because she hadn't tried to hold the door for me. (SD/1/1/29) The female asks the stranger “What floor?” She replies “None, Thank you.” [That must have sounded odd.] (JP/2/5/18) Parents are encouraging a young girl to hurry up and get on the elevator (they’re noticing she’s not obeying the rules by respecting others’ time.)

Rule 3: If someone is extra-chatty, it’s either making a comment which doesn’t expect an answer or asking a innocuous question. The latter is rare. Protocols/Evidence: (JP/2/2/24) The woman said out loud (but to herself) “Wow, the curls are still in.” (JP/2/5/37) A mother picks up the nipple of a bottle another woman’s child has dropped and says, “I think the nipple hit the floor.” [Interesting that she seems to have contamination concerns for the other mother’s child.] (JP/2/5/39) The first mother seems to mumble something about the bottle being finished anyway. (I don’t remember if she even thanked the person who picked up the nipple.)

Step 5: Exiting the Elevator Code 1. Door Holding (SEE “Door Holding” in the “Entering the Elevator” section. We chose not to distinguish between door-holding behaviors during entrance into and/or exit out of the elevator because door holding often occurs during times when some passengers and entering and others are exiting simultaneously. Definition- (see above) Rule: (see above) Protocols/Evidence: (see above) Code 2. Exiting Order Definition- The order in which the passengers leave the elevator Rule: When passengers exit, the child exist first with his/her guardian or is led out of the elevator with the supervising adult that we assume to be their parent or guardian. Passengers generally exit from those closest to the doors back. Protocols/Evidence: (LL1/3/113) The girls leave first, then the mother, then the father (who had been holding the door) *He would have left after me if I had gotten off-as he was planning to hold the door for me. (JP/1/1/?) The Middle Eastern woman exited first, followed by the cart with the baby that was pushed by the pony-tailed man. (JP/1/1/?) The woman with the elaborate stroller quickly turned her stroller around and exited first, followed by Josh who followed her to write his notes about the ride.

10. Coding Memos Facing Doors – Notes: When the elevator does have elevator floor numbers above the doors, passengers seem to look at these often. When there are not elevator floor numbers, passengers tend to stare at the door. An exception to this door-staring rule is if the doors are mirrored. Then, passengers tend to avoid staring at the doors or at least avoid them once “caught” looking at them. The presence of children seems to allow for rule breaking (the children do not follow the rules as they do not look at the doors or away from other passengers for the majority of the ride). Adults often break rules when kids are present as well, by looking at them occasionally instead of keeping their eyes focused on the doors, the floor panel, or otherwise away from other passengers.

Facing away from other passengers – Notes: When the elevator does have elevator floor numbers above the doors, passengers seem to look at these often. When there are not elevator floor numbers, passengers tend to stare at the door. An exception to this door-staring rule is if the doors are mirrored. Then, passengers tend to avoid staring at the doors or at least avoid them once “caught” looking at them. The presence of children seems to allow for rule breaking (the children do not follow the rules as they do not look at the doors or away from other passengers for the majority of the ride). Adults often break rules when kids are present as well, by looking at them occasionally instead of keeping their eyes focused on the doors, the floor panel, or otherwise away from other passengers.

Facing other passengers – Notes: When the elevator does have elevator floor numbers above the doors, passengers seem to look at these often. When there are not elevator floor numbers, passengers tend to stare at the door. An exception to this door-staring rule is if the doors are mirrored. Then, passengers tend to avoid staring at the doors or at least avoid them once “caught” looking at them. The presence of children seems to allow for rule breaking (the children do not follow the rules as they do not look at the doors or away from other passengers for the majority of the ride). Adults often break rules when kids are present as well, by looking at them occasionally instead of keeping their eyes focused on the doors, the floor panel, or otherwise away from other passengers.

Holding Doors – Notes: The pattern that we notice through using the CCM is that most of the door holding that is going on is for passengers who are riding together with on another in the same family or same group. Although there have been occurrences of passengers holding the doors for others who are not in their family or group, these tend to be for mothers with strollers or children, or elderly riders. We think that the reason why there is more door holding for members of the same group is because riders who are entering the elevator together in families or groups generally intend to exit together and proceed to their destination. They don’t want to have to wait once they arrive on the rest of their group. This goal encourages them to think to hold the doors until all members of their groups have arrived. Passengers who do not hold doors for other passengers may do so either because they are in a hurry and do not want to wait for other riders to enter the elevator or to stop at their floors or because they are not paying attention to other riders who may be approaching the doors.

Glancing at others – Notes: I think that we need more data for this set of codes. While applying the CCM, it became useful to break down the broader code of “eye contact” into these separate codes. The purpose of this is to try to get to the rules governing elevator glances and whether or not there is a difference in these rules between riders who are traveling in the same groups/families and others. There also may be a difference in patterns between riders who glance as friendly gestures and those who use glances and facial expressions to communicate with other passengers without doing so verbally. This will be one of the areas of focus for my next protocol.

Wait position – Note: This code could use some more data, but so far it seems that no one likes to crowd the button as most step back 3-5 steps after either pushing or repushing the up/down buttons. Ride position – Notes: I separated out “Waiting” position from “Riding” position and this helped clarify the distinction between how “personal space” grows/shrinks with the size of the room. It seems that in a tightly defined space, such as an elevator, respect for personal space is observed by maximizing distance, whereas a more open space allows for people to take advantageous positions (viz., in front of the doors) without feeling they’re violating personal space. Once in the elevator, riders seem to maximize distance between themselves and strangers. Groups of familiars tend to act as a unit, however. Additionally, the back corners seem to be most popular suggesting that people prefer to not only maximize distance between strangers, but limit the possibly of others violating their own space.

Repositioning – Notes: There seem to be two primary reason people reposition themselves, elevator arrives and someone exits allowing more space. When the elevator arrives, both waiters and riders begin to slightly reposition accordingly. If they’re waiters, they inch closer to the doors (this is odd since they usually need to back up again if others are trying to get off) and if they’re riders, they usually either make room for exiters (if they know they’re not one) or indicate through movement that they are one and position accordingly. Repositioning also happens after an exiter has left and the space within the elevator needs to be reallocated. The logic for this repositioning seems to follow the same as the original, namely maximizing personal space and minimizing the possibility of physical contact. Talking – Notes: I’m almost inclined to elevate this code to “Communication” and then separate out “Verbal” and “Non-Verbal,” however, non-verbal communication is often so private and difficult to interpret that I will just leave the code as it is and try to identify some rules from it. Rule #1: Minimize verbal communication within the confines of the elevator, itself. If you must talk, speak tersely and quietly. It is not uncommon for both strangers and acquaintances to speak in short, choppy non-grammatical utterances. For example, “Floor?” “Six,” “Thank you.” Rule #2: Manners matter. The usage of verbal courtesies like, “please” and “thank you” seems to be higher in elevators than outside of them. I wonder if this is related to the confined space and extra-attention paid to keeping the situation hospitable? Rule #3: If someone is extra-chatty, it’s either making a comment which doesn’t expect an answer or asking a innocuous question. The latter is rare. Pacing – Notes: More data is needed on this code, but in general it seems that either riders are rushing to the elevator or walking at a normal pace. No one was seen strolling, which may suggest that people are being respectful of others’ time.